{"id":4388,"date":"2020-06-03T13:41:02","date_gmt":"2020-06-03T11:41:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ecoshape.org\/en\/tools\/roughness-module-for-sediment-dynamic-modelling\/about\/"},"modified":"2020-08-27T16:19:31","modified_gmt":"2020-08-27T14:19:31","slug":"about","status":"publish","type":"tool","link":"https:\/\/www.ecoshape.org\/en\/tools\/roughness-module-for-sediment-dynamic-modelling\/about\/","title":{"rendered":"About"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In intertidal areas such as the Eastern Scheldt the bed roughness is not only influenced by abiotic factors (such as grain size, ripples and sand waves) but also by biotic factors (such as mussel beds, oyster reefs, diatom mats, lugworm fields and tube building worm fields) (Borsje, 2010). Diatom mats glue the sediment together and facilitate the deposition of fine sediment, resulting in a flat bed with a roughness height of several millimetres. Some biogenic structures like mussel reefs, oyster reefs and fields of tube building worms influence the roughness height directly. While other, such as lugworms, influence the roughness height indirectly. Lugworms excrete faecal matter on top of the sediment causing a topography of several centimetres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"395\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ecoshape.org\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/05\/diatom-patch.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1878\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ecoshape.org\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/05\/diatom-patch.png 395w, https:\/\/www.ecoshape.org\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/05\/diatom-patch-224x300.png 224w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><figcaption>Example of bed with different roughness<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Either by stabilizing or destabilizing the sediment, biological activity is able to modify the sediment fluxes by a factor 2 and more, compared to the solely physical case (Graf and Rosenberg, 1997). The direct effect of biota on sediment dynamics is demonstrated in different field studies (e.g. Widdows and Brinsley 2002; Le Hir <em>et al<\/em>., 2007), laboratory flume studies (e.g. Friedrichs <em>et al<\/em>., 2000; Bobertz <em>et al<\/em>., 2009) and different model studies (e.g. Paarlberg <em>et al<\/em>. 2007; Borsje <em>et al<\/em>., 2008). Apart from the direct influence of sediment (de)stabilization by biota, also indirect effects by biota are known to influence the sediment dynamics. The most important indirect effect by benthos is added roughness by biogenic structures to the bed (Friedrichs and Graf, 2009). Given the recolonisation of benthos after an intervention, the roughness will also vary temporally. Moreover, many biological processes show a seasonal variation. Lugworms for example show a much higher biomass in autumn compared to late winter (Beukema, 1974) and microphytobenthos show a peak in April and July (Cad\u00e9e and Hegeman, 2002).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tool description<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The roughness tool is a first step in the translation of biological and physical roughness elements into hydrodynamics and sediment transport. Five different roughness elements are defined: diatom mats, mussel beds, lugworm fields, tube building worm fields and sand ripples. All these roughness elements have typical roughness heights, and are important to predict the hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics correctly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Roughness element<\/td><td>Roughness height k<strong>{<\/strong>}<sub>s<\/sub>* *[m]<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Diatom mats<\/td><td>0.01<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tube building worms<\/td><td>0.035<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Default roughness (the rest of the surface)<\/td><td>0.075<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lugworm<\/td><td>0.12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sand ripples<\/td><td>0.14<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mussels<\/td><td>0.15<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on the roughness elements defined by the user this tool has the capability of creating a roughness height map. This map can be used as input for a hydrodynamic model (e.g. Delft3D) to investigate the impact of spatial varying roughness heights caused by biological features on the water level, flow velocity and bed shear stress.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":3328,"menu_order":10,"template":"","phase":[],"tooltype":[],"type-of-assessment":[],"class_list":["post-4388","tool","type-tool","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>About - EcoShape<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ecoshape.org\/en\/tools\/roughness-module-for-sediment-dynamic-modelling\/about\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"About\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In intertidal areas such as the Eastern Scheldt the bed roughness is not only influenced by abiotic factors (such as grain size, ripples and sand waves) but also by biotic factors (such as mussel beds, oyster reefs, diatom mats, lugworm fields and tube building worm fields) (Borsje, 2010). 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EcoShape","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.ecoshape.org\/en\/tools\/roughness-module-for-sediment-dynamic-modelling\/about\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"About","og_description":"In intertidal areas such as the Eastern Scheldt the bed roughness is not only influenced by abiotic factors (such as grain size, ripples and sand waves) but also by biotic factors (such as mussel beds, oyster reefs, diatom mats, lugworm fields and tube building worm fields) (Borsje, 2010). 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